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Demographics of Chad

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Demographics of Chad
Population pyramid of Chad in 2020
Population17,963,211 (2022 est.)
Growth rate3.09% (2022 est.)
Birth rate40.45 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate9.45 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancy53.00 years
 • male51.30 years
 • female54.77 years
Fertility rate5.46 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate65.48 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate-0.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years47.43%
65 and over2.43%
Sex ratio
Total0.98 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth1.04 male(s)/female
Under 151.02 male(s)/female
65 and over0.69 male(s)/female
Nationality
NationalityChadian
Language
OfficialFrench, Arabic
Demographics of Chad, Data of Our World in Data, year 2022; Number of inhabitants in millions.

The people of Chad speak more than 100 languages and divide themselves into many ethnic groups. However, language and ethnicity are not the same. Moreover, neither element can be tied to a particular physical type.[1]

Although the possession of a common language shows that its speakers have lived together and have a common history, peoples also change languages. This is particularly so in Chad, where the openness of the terrain, marginal rainfall, frequent drought and famine, and low population densities have encouraged physical and linguistic mobility. Slave raids among[specify] non-Muslim peoples, internal slave trade, and exports of captives northward from the ninth to the twentieth centuries also have resulted in language changes.

Anthropologists view ethnicity as being more than genetics. Like language, ethnicity implies a shared heritage, partly economic, where people of the same ethnic group may share a livelihood, and partly social, taking the form of shared ways of doing things and organizing relations among individuals and groups. Ethnicity also involves a cultural component made up of shared values and a common worldview. Like language, ethnicity is not immutable. Shared ways of doing things change over time and alter a group's perception of its own identity.

Not only do the social aspects of ethnic identity change but the biological composition (or gene pool) also may change over time. Although most ethnic groups emphasize intermarriage, people are often proscribed from seeking partners among close relatives—a prohibition that promotes biological variation. In all groups, the departure of some individuals or groups and the integration of others also changes the biological component.

The Chadian government has avoided official recognition of ethnicity. With the exception of a few surveys conducted shortly after independence, little data were available on this important aspect of Chadian society. Nonetheless, ethnic identity was a significant component of life in Chad.

The peoples of Chad carry significant ancestry from Eastern, Central, Western, and Northern Africa.[2]

Chad's languages fall into ten major groups, each of which belongs to either the Nilo-Saharan, Afro-Asiatic, or Niger–Congo language family. These represent three of the four major language families in Africa; only the Khoisan languages of southern Africa are not represented. The presence of such different languages suggests that the Lake Chad Basin may have been an important point of dispersal in ancient times.

Population

[edit]
A tribal delegation in Chad
People of Chad

According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects[3][4] the total population was 17,179,740 in 2021, compared to only 2 429 000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 45.4%, 51.7% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 2.9% was 65 years or the country is projected to have a population of 34 millions peoples in 2050 and 61 millions peoples in 2100 .[5]

Year Total population Population percentage in age bracket
aged 0–14 aged 15–64 aged 65+
1950 2 429 000
37.8%
57.8%
4.4%
1955 2 671 000
39.1%
56.8%
4.1%
1960 2 954 000
40.3%
55.9%
3.8%
1965 3 289 000
41.5%
54.7%
3.8%
1970 3 656 000
42.0%
54.2%
3.8%
1975 4 114 000
42.8%
53.4%
3.8%
1980 4 554 000
44.0%
52.3%
3.7%
1985 5 151 000
45.2%
51.2%
3.6%
1990 6 011 000
45.8%
50.7%
3.5%
1995 6 998 000
45.9%
50.8%
3.3%
2000 8 222 000
45.9%
51.0%
3.1%
2005 9 786 000
45.8%
51.2%
3.0%
2010 11 227 000
45.4%
51.7%
2.9%
Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 20.V.2009):[6]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 5 452 483 5 587 390 11 039 873 100
0–4 1 129 693 1 100 985 2 230 678 20.21
5–9 1 012 471 987 297 1 999 768 18.11
10–14 700 015 650 633 1 350 648 12.23
15–19 502 894 557 494 1 060 388 9.61
20–24 382 122 482 768 864 890 7.83
25–29 320 063 433 622 753 685 6.83
30–34 277 322 335 402 612 724 5.55
35–39 241 971 260 515 502 485 4.55
40–44 215 887 214 181 430 068 3.90
45–49 163 952 139 357 303 308 2.75
50–54 147 725 133 019 280 744 2.54
55–59 84 938 62 817 147 755 1.34
60–64 92 696 85 024 177 720 1.61
65-69 48 054 37 398 85 452 0.77
70-74 56 059 49 289 105 348 0.95
75-79 24 148 17 371 41 518 0.38
80-84 24 947 21 486 46 433 0.42
85-89 9 086 5 833 14 919 0.14
90-94 6 852 5 465 12 317 0.11
95-99 5 113 3 609 8 722 0.08
100+ 1 323 1 200 2 523 0.02
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 2 842 179 2 738 915 5 581 094 50.55
15–64 2 429 569 2 704 199 5 133 768 46.50
65+ 175 582 141 651 317 233 2.87
Unknown 5 153 2 625 7 778 0.07

Vital statistics

[edit]

Registration of vital events is in Chad not complete. The Population Departement of the United Nations prepared the following estimates.

Live births per year Deaths per year Natural change per year CBR[i] CDR[i] NC[i] TFR[i] IMR[i] Life expectancy (years)
1950   117,000   70,000   47,000 46.7 27.8 18.9 6.06 197.6 36.21
1951   119,000   72,000   47,000 46.5 28.1 18.4 6.07 196.5 36.34
1952   121,000   73,000   48,000 46.4 28.1 18.3 6.09 194.4 36.50
1953   123,000   74,000   49,000 46.4 27.9 18.5 6.11 192.3 36.84
1954   125,000   75,000   50,000 46.3 27.7 18.5 6.13 190.3 37.03
1955   127,000   76,000   51,000 46.2 27.6 18.6 6.15 188.3 37.21
1956   130,000   77,000   53,000 46.1 27.3 18.8 6.17 186.3 37.45
1957   132,000   78,000   54,000 46.0 27.1 18.9 6.19 184.3 37.66
1958   134,000   78,000   56,000 45.9 26.8 19.1 6.21 182.3 37.94
1959   136,000   79,000   57,000 45.9 26.5 19.3 6.23 180.3 38.19
1960   139,000   80,000   59,000 45.7 26.3 19.4 6.25 178.4 38.37
1961   141,000   80,000   61,000 45.7 26.0 19.6 6.27 176.5 38.63
1962   144,000   81,000   62,000 45.6 25.8 19.8 6.29 174.6 38.84
1963   146,000   82,000   64,000 45.5 25.6 19.9 6.30 172.8 39.07
1964   149,000   83,000   66,000 45.4 25.3 20.2 6.32 171.0 39.33
1965   152,000   85,000   67,000 45.4 25.4 20.0 6.34 169.7 39.12
1966   155,000   86,000   69,000 45.4 25.3 20.2 6.36 166.8 39.15
1967   158,000   87,000   71,000 45.6 25.0 20.6 6.39 164.2 39.48
1968   162,000   87,000   75,000 45.8 24.6 21.2 6.43 161.3 39.90
1969   166,000   88,000   79,000 46.2 24.3 21.9 6.48 158.3 40.27
1970   172,000   88,000   83,000 46.7 24.1 22.6 6.53 155.2 40.60
1971   177,000   92,000   85,000 47.2 24.4 22.7 6.58 153.5 40.19
1972   188,000   90,000   97,000 49.0 23.6 25.4 6.85 149.1 41.40
1973   192,000   92,000   100,000 49.0 23.5 25.5 6.87 148.7 41.78
1974   196,000   94,000   102,000 48.8 23.5 25.4 6.86 147.8 41.79
1975   200,000   96,000   104,000 48.7 23.4 25.4 6.88 147.0 41.87
1976   203,000   97,000   107,000 48.6 23.1 25.5 6.89 145.5 42.04
1977   206,000   98,000   109,000 48.4 22.9 25.5 6.90 144.6 42.26
1978   209,000   98,000   111,000 48.2 22.7 25.5 6.89 143.6 42.50
1979   212,000   99,000   113,000 48.1 22.4 25.7 6.91 142.6 42.81
1980   218,000   100,000   118,000 48.2 22.1 26.1 6.91 141.4 43.06
1981   205,000   97,000   108,000 46.3 21.9 24.5 6.94 141.0 43.31
1982   212,000   97,000   115,000 46.9 21.4 25.5 6.96 139.5 43.73
1983   242,000   102,000   140,000 49.8 21.1 28.8 6.98 138.0 44.18
1984   252,000   105,000   147,000 50.4 21.0 29.4 7.02 136.2 44.52
1985   245,000   103,000   142,000 49.3 20.7 28.5 7.04 135.0 45.05
1986   252,000   104,000   148,000 49.4 20.4 28.9 7.07 132.1 45.21
1987   268,000   116,000   153,000 50.7 21.8 28.8 7.11 130.4 42.80
1988   283,000   110,000   173,000 51.7 20.2 31.5 7.15 128.9 45.79
1989   295,000   114,000   182,000 52.1 20.1 32.0 7.19 127.0 45.88
1990   307,000   121,000   185,000 52.4 20.7 31.6 7.22 125.3 44.69
1991   312,000   120,000   192,000 52.1 20.0 32.0 7.26 124.2 45.94
1992   336,000   125,000   211,000 53.3 19.9 33.4 7.30 122.5 46.10
1993   349,000   129,000   221,000 53.5 19.7 33.8 7.34 120.9 46.32
1994   343,000   129,000   214,000 52.1 19.5 32.5 7.31 119.6 46.45
1995   355,000   131,000   224,000 52.1 19.2 32.9 7.29 118.2 46.71
1996   381,000   136,000   245,000 53.0 18.9 34.0 7.29 117.0 47.01
1997   390,000   139,000   251,000 52.4 18.7 33.7 7.27 115.6 47.22
1998   403,000   143,000   260,000 52.2 18.5 33.7 7.27 114.0 47.22
1999   413,000   146,000   267,000 51.7 18.3 33.4 7.26 112.4 47.37
2000   424,000   149,000   275,000 51.3 18.1 33.2 7.25 110.7 47.44
2001   436,000   151,000   285,000 51.1 17.7 33.4 7.23 108.8 47.85
2002   444,000   154,000   290,000 50.3 17.4 32.9 7.20 106.8 47.95
2003   457,000   157,000   300,000 49.9 17.1 32.8 7.18 105.1 48.21
2004   481,000   162,000   318,000 50.3 17.0 33.3 7.16 103.4 48.23
2005   503,000   168,000   335,000 50.3 16.8 33.5 7.13 101.5 48.31
2006   517,000   173,000   344,000 49.9 16.7 33.2 7.12 99.7 48.29
2007   533,000   175,000   359,000 49.7 16.3 33.4 7.09 97.5 48.75
2008   546,000   177,000   368,000 49.2 16.0 33.2 7.06 95.4 49.02
2009   562,000   181,000   381,000 48.9 15.8 33.2 7.02 93.2 49.20
2010   580,000   183,000   397,000 48.8 15.4 33.3 6.99 91.1 49.58
2011   595,000   185,000   410,000 48.4 15.1 33.3 6.95 88.9 50.01
2012   612,000   187,000   426,000 48.0 14.6 33.4 6.91 86.6 50.54
2013   626,000   190,000   437,000 47.5 14.4 33.1 6.84 84.5 50.78
2014   643,000   192,000   451,000 47.0 14.0 33.0 6.78 82.6 51.20
2015   657,000   194,000   463,000 46.4 13.7 32.7 6.71 80.6 51.59
2016   663,000   194,000   469,000 45.5 13.3 32.2 6.62 78.5 52.08
2017   676,000   197,000   479,000 44.8 13.0 31.8 6.54 76.3 52.31
2018   691,000   197,000   494,000 44.4 12.7 31.7 6.46 74.2 52.83
2019   714,000   200,000   514,000 44.2 12.4 31.9 6.41 72.2 53.26
2020   730,000   208,000   522,000 43.8 12.5 31.4 6.35 70.2 52.78
2021   745,000   215,000   530,000 43.4 12.5 30.9 6.26 68.2 52.53
  1. ^ a b c d e CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects, 2022[7]

Fertility and births

[edit]

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):[8]

Year Total Urban Rural
CBR TFR CBR TFR CBR TFR
1996-97 47,8 6,6 (6,3) 44,4 6,1 (5,7) 48,8 6,8 (6,5)
2004 44,6 6,3 (6,1) 41,8 5,7 (5,5) 45,3 6,5 (6,2)
2014-15 40,5 6,4 (6,1) 36,0 5,4 (5,1) 41,8 6,8 (6,5)

Fertility data as of 2014-2015 (DHS Program):[9]

Region Total fertility rate Percentage of women age 15-49 currently pregnant Mean number of children ever born to women age 40-49
Batha 7.3 12.2 8.3
Borkou, Tibesti 5.3 9.6 6.4
Chari Baguirmi 6.6 16.1 7.7
Guéra 6.7 14.6 8.4
Hadjer-Lamis 6.8 14.5 8.4
Kanem 6.0 14.8 7.1
Lac 5.4 14.7 7.9
Logone Occidental 6.4 12.7 7.6
Logone Oriental 7.6 12.7 8.3
Mandoul 6.5 12.7 7.7
Mayo Kebbi Est 6.7 15.0 7.3
Mayo Kebbi Ouest 7.5 13.8 7.9
Moyen Chari 5.5 12.6 6.8
Ouaddaï 6.1 13.1 7.1
Salamat 6.5 19.7 8.0
Tandjilé 7.1 13.1 8.0
Wadi Fira 5.9 12.2 6.5
N’Djaména 5.2 9.4 6.5
Barh El Gazal 5.6 14.5 7.1
Ennedi Est, Ennedi Ouest 5.0 13.4 6.3
Sila 6.7 19.6 7.7

Religions

[edit]
Main article: Religion in Chad

The separation of religion from social structure in Chad represents a false dichotomy, for they are perceived as two sides of the same coin. Three religious traditions coexist in Chad- classical African religions, Islam, and Christianity. None is monolithic. The first tradition includes a variety of ancestor and/or place-oriented religions whose expression is highly specific. Islam, although characterized by an orthodox set of beliefs and observances, also is expressed in diverse ways. Christianity arrived in Chad much more recently with the arrival of Europeans. Its followers are divided into Roman Catholics and Protestants (including several denominations); as with Chadian Islam, Chadian Christianity retains aspects of pre-Christian religious belief.

The number of followers of each tradition in Chad is unknown. Estimates made in 1962 suggested that 35 percent of Chadians practiced classical African religions, 55 percent were Muslims, and 10 percent were Christians. In the 1970s and 1980s, this distribution undoubtedly changed. Observers report that Islam has spread among the Hadjarai peoples and other non-Muslim populations of the Saharan and sahelian zones. However, the proportion of Muslims may have fallen, because the birthrate among the followers of traditional religions and Christians in southern Chad is thought to be higher than that among Muslims. In addition, the upheavals since the mid-1970s have resulted in the departure of some missionaries; whether or not Chadian Christians have been numerous enough and sufficiently organized to attract more converts since that time is unknown.

Other demographic statistics

[edit]
Population, fertility rate and net reproduction rate, United Nations estimates

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2022.[10]

  • One birth every 45 seconds
  • One death every 3 minutes
  • One net migrant every 1440 minutes
  • Net gain of one person every 1 minutes

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook.[11]

Population

[edit]
17,963,211 (2022 est.)
15,833,116 (July 2018 est.)
12,075,985 (2017 est.)

Religions

[edit]

Muslim 52.1%, Protestant 23.9%, Roman Catholic 20%, animist 0.3%, other Christian 0.2%, none 2.8%, unspecified 0.7% (2014-15 est.)

Age structure

[edit]
Population pyramid of Chad in 2020
0-14 years: 47.43% (male 4,050,505/female 3,954,413)
15-24 years: 19.77% (male 1,676,495/female 1,660,417)
25-54 years: 27.14% (male 2,208,181/female 2,371,490)
55-64 years: 3.24% (male 239,634/female 306,477)
65 years and over: 2.43% (2020 est.) (male 176,658/female 233,087)
0-14 years: 48.12% (male 3,856,001 /female 3,763,622)
15-24 years: 19.27% (male 1,532,687 /female 1,518,940)
25-54 years: 26.95% (male 2,044,795 /female 2,222,751)
55-64 years: 3.25% (male 228,930 /female 286,379)
65 years and over: 2.39% (male 164,257 /female 214,754) (2018 est.)

Median age

[edit]
total: 16.1 years. Country comparison to the world: 223rd
male: 15.6 years
female: 16.5 years (2020 est.)
total: 15.8 years. Country comparison to the world: 226th
male: 15.3 years
female: 16.3 years (2018 est.)
Total: 17.8 years
Male: 16.8 years
Female: 18.8 years (2017 est.)

Population growth rate

[edit]
3.09% (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 10th
3.23% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 5th

Birth rate

[edit]
40.45 births/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 6th
43 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 4th

Death rate

[edit]
9.45 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 49th
10.5 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 26th

Net migration rate

[edit]
-0.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 105th
-3.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 176th

Total fertility rate

[edit]
5.35 children born/woman (2023 est.) Country comparison to the world: 6th
5.46 children born/woman (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 5th
5.9 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 4th

Mother's mean age at first birth

[edit]
18.1 years (2014/15 est.)
note: median age at first birth among women 25-49

Dependency ratios

[edit]
total dependency ratio: 100.2 (2015 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 95.2 (2015 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 4.9 (2015 est.)
potential support ratio: 20.3 (2015 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

[edit]
8.1% (2019)
5.7% (2014/15)

Urbanization

[edit]
urban population: 24.1% of total population (2022)
rate of urbanization: 4.1% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
urban population: 23.1% of total population (2018)
rate of urbanization: 3.88% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Sex ratio

[edit]
At birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
Under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15–64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2006 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

[edit]
total population: 59.15 years. Country comparison to the world: 222nd
male: 57.32 years
female: 61.06 years (2022 est.)
total population: 57.5 years (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 214th
male: 55.7 years (2018 est.)
female: 59.3 years (2018 est.)
Total population: 50.6 years
Male: 49.4 years
Female: 51.9 years (2017 est.)

HIV/AIDS

[edit]
Adult prevalence rate: 1.3% (2017 est.)
People living with HIV/AIDS: 110,000(2017 est.)
Deaths: 3,100 (2017 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

[edit]
28.8% (2015)

Major infectious diseases

[edit]
degree of risk: very high (2020)
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and dengue fever
water contact diseases: schistosomiasis
animal contact diseases: rabies
respiratory diseases: meningococcal meningitis

note: on 21 March 2022, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Africa; Chad is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine

Child marriage

[edit]
women married by age 15: 24.2% (2019)
women married by age 18: 60.6% (2019)
men married by age 18: 8.1% (2019 est.)

Nationality

[edit]
Noun: Chadian(s)
Adjective: Chadian

Ethnic groups

[edit]
Main article: Ethnic groups in Chad

The peoples of Chad carry significant ancestry from Eastern, Central, Western, and Northern Africa.[2]

200 distinct groups

Religions

[edit]

Languages

[edit]
Main article: Languages of Chad
Arabic (official), French (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 languages and dialects

Literacy

[edit]
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write French or Arabic
total population: 22.3% (2016 est.)
male: 31.3% (2016 est.)
female: 14% (2016 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

[edit]
total: 7 years
male: 9 years
female: 6 years (2015)
total: 8 years (2014)
male: 9 years (2014)
female: 6 years (2014)

Notes

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Demographics of Chad.
  1. ^ "Chad Demographics Profile 2016". indexmundi.com. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
  2. ^ a b Haber, Marc; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Bergström, Anders; Prado-Martinez, Javier; Hallast, Pille; Saif-Ali, Riyadh; Al-Habori, Molham; Dedoussis, George; Zeggini, Eleftheria; Blue-Smith, Jason; Wells, R. Spencer; Xue, Yali; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2016-12-01). "Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 99 (6): 1316–1324. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.012. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 5142112. PMID 27889059.
  3. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  4. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  5. ^ Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision
  6. ^ "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics".
  7. ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2022). "World Population Prospects 2022 Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XLS (91MB)). United Nations Population Division. 27 (Online ed.). New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. rows 3461:3549, cols X,AE,S,AH,S,AA,AV,AI. Archived from the original on 2022-08-09.
  8. ^ "MEASURE DHS: Demographic and Health Surveys". worldbank.org. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
  9. ^ "Enquête Démographique et de Santé et à Indicateurs Multiples au Tchad" (PDF). The DHS Program (in French). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-20. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
  10. ^ "Chad Population 2022", World Population Review
  11. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: "The World FactBook - Chad", The World Factbook, July 12, 2018
  12. ^ "Tchad: Enquête Démographique et de Santé, 2014-2015" (PDF) (in French). Institut National de la Statistique, des Études Économiques et Démographiques. p. 34. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 21 April 2018.

References

[edit]

Attribution: Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA. (Archived 2006 edition.)

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